Center on Drug and Alcohol Research

Center Publications

Amsel, Z. & Leukefeld, C. (1992). Drug abuse. In H. Wallace, C.
Patrick, G. Parceland,& J. Igoe (Eds.), Principles and practices in student health, (Vol. 1, pp. 146-153).

Oakland, CA: Third Party Publishing.Barron, S., Staton, M., & Trench, L. (1998). Effects of clonidine on rat pups neonatally exposed to cocaine. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 20(4), 401-409.

Bartholomew, N., Hiller, M., Knight, K., Nucatola, D., & Simpson, D. (2000). Effectiveness of communication and relationship skills training for men in substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(3), 217-225.

Battjes, R., Leukefeld, C., & Pickens, R. (1992). Age at first injection and HIV risk among intravenous drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 18(3), 263-273.

Cattarello, A., Clayton, R., & Leukefeld, C. (1995). Adolescent alcohol and drug abuse: Risk and protective factors. In M. Galanter & H. Kleber (Eds.), The American psychiatric press textbook of substance abuse treatment, (pp. 151-168). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Cattarello, A., Leukefeld, C., Woolley, S., & Porter, J. (1998). Comparison: HIV risk behaviors among women drug users from two cities in a rural state. Women, drug use and HIV infection, (pp. 105-122).

Clark, J., Leukefeld, C., & Godlaski, T. (1999). Case management and behavioral contracting: Components of rural substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17(4), 293-304.

Clayton, R. & Leukefeld, C. (1992). The prevention of drug abuse among youth: Implications of legalization. Journal of Primary Prevention, 12(4), 289-302.

Clayton, R., Leukefeld, C., Harrington, N., & Cattarello, A. (1996). D.A.R.E. (Drug abuse resistance education): Very popular but not very effective. In J. Inciardi, L. Metsch, & C. McCoy (Eds.), Intervening with drug-involved youth: Prevention, treatment, and research, (pp. 101-109). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Cloud, R., & Peacock, P. (in press). Internet screening and interventions for problem drinking: Results from the www.carebetter.com pilot study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly.

Cottler, L., Leukefeld, C., Hoffman, J., Desmond, D., Wechsberg, W., Inciardi, J., Compton,W., Abdallah, A., Cunningham-Williams, R., & Woodson, S. (1998). Effectiveness of HIV risk reduction initiatives among out-of-treatment non-injection drug users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30(3), 279-290.

Daugherty R., & Leukefeld, C. (1998). Reducing the risks for substance abuse: A lifespan approach. New York: Plenum Publishing.

Farabee, D. & Leukefeld, C. (1996). IDUs and HIV seropositivity among incarcerated men and women in the United States of America. III Reunion Nacional Sobre el SIDA:Consumo de Drugos e Infeccion por VIH, 7(4), 201-203.

Farabee, D., & Leukefeld, C. (1999). Opportunities for AIDS prevention in a rural state in criminal justice and drug treatment settings. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(4/5), 617-631.

Farabee, D., Leukefeld, C., & Hays, L. (1998) Accessing drug abuse treatment: Perceptions of out-of-treatment injectors. Journal of Drug Issues, 28(1), 381-394.

Godlaski, T. (1996). Why do we need ethics? The Counselor, 11/12, 39-40.

Godlaski, T. (1996). Ethics and research. The Counselor, 1-2, 40.

Godlaski, T. (1998). Needle exchange programs: The difficulty in ethical discourse. The Counselor, 5/6, 34-35.

Godlaski, T., & Clark, J. (in press). Ethics for an evolving profession in an evolving world. Substance Use and Misuse.

Godlaski, T. & Leukefeld, C. (1996). Ethics and supervision. The Counselor, 5/6,17-20.

Godlaski, T., Leukefeld, C., & Clark, J. (in press). Developing a rural therapy: A qualitative investigation. Substance Use and Misuse.

Godlaski, T., Leukefeld, C., & Cloud, R. (1997). Recovery: With and without self-help. Substance Use and Misuse, 32(5), 521-527.

Hiller, M., Broome, K., & Simpson, D. (2000). Measuring self-efficacy among drug-involved probationers. Psychological Reports, 86, 529-538.

Hiller, M., Simpson, D., Broome, K., & Joe, G. (2000). Legal status at intake and post treatment incarceration: 12-month follow-up of methadone treatment. Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions, 1(4), 27-43.

Knight, K., Hiller, M., Broome, K., Simpson, D. (2000). Legal pressure, treatment readiness, and engagement in long-term residential programs. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31(1/2), 101-115.

Leukefeld, C. (1990). Drug abuse prevention: Research Needs [Monograph 3]. In K. Rey,
C. Faegre, & P. Lowery (Eds.), Prevention research findings, 1988, (pp. 46-52). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Leukefeld, C. (1990). Opportunities for strengthening community corrections with coerced drug abuse treatment. Perspectives, Fall, 6-9.

Leukefeld, C. (1990). Prevencija I socijalni rad: To je prirodan spoj [Prevention and social work: It’s natural]. Socijalna Zastita [Social Welfare], 28/29, 165-173.

Leukefeld, C. (1991). Coordinating probation/parole services with community drug abuse treatment. Perspectives, 2, 40-43.

Leukefeld, C. (1991). The role of the National Institute on Drug Abuse in drug abuseprevention research. In L. Donohew, H. Sypher, & W. Bukowski (Eds.), Persuasive communication and drug abuse prevention (pp. 21-34). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Leukefeld, C. (1993). Introduction: Challenges for the social worker in meeting theAIDS crisis. In V. Lynch, G. Lloyd, & M. Fimbres (Eds.), The changing face of AIDS: Implications for social work practice, (pp. ix-xxix). West Port, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

Leukefeld, C. (1996). Consumo en Los Estados Unidos. Simposio Internacional De Coca Y Cocaina: Memorias. Santefe de Bogota: Universidad de Los Andes.

Leukefeld, C. (1996). Introduction. In T. Gall & D. Lucas (Eds.), Statistics onalcohol, drug and tobacco use, (pp. ix – xv). New York, NY: Gale Research, Inc.

Leukefeld, C., & Battjes, R. (1991). Intravenous drug use and AIDS: Community approaches to social work revisited. In E. Freeman (Ed.), The addiction process and effective social work approaches, (pp. 123-135). New York, NY: Longman Publishing Company.

Leukefeld, C., & Battjes, R. (1991). The context of HIV prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 12(1), 3-6.

Leukefeld, C., Battjes, R., & Amsel, Z. (1990). Community prevention efforts to reduce the spread of AIDS associated with intravenous drug abuse. AIDS Education and Prevention, 2(3), 235-243.

Leukefeld, C., Battjes, R., & Pickens, R. (1991). AIDS prevention: Criminal justice involvement of intravenous drug abusers entering methadone treatment. Journal of Drug Issues, 21(4), 673-683.

Leukefeld, C., & Bukoski, W. (1991). Drug abuse prevention evaluation methodology: A bright future. Journal of Drug Education, 21(3), 191-201.

Leukefeld, C., & Bukowski, W. (1995). Estudios sobre intervenciones en prevencion del abuso de drogas: Aspectos metodologicos. Madrid: C.E.P.S.

Leukefeld, C., & Clayton, R. (1994). Drug prevention: The past as the future? Journal of Primary Prevention, 15(1), 59-71.

Leukefeld, C., Clayton, R., & Meyers, J. (1992). Rural drug and alcohol treatment. Drugs and Society, 7(1/2), 95-116.

Leukefeld, C., & Farabee, D. (1996). Mandatory treatment, HIV, and injecting drug users. III Reunion Nacional Sobre el SIDA: Consumo de Drugos e Infeccion por VIH, 7(4), 179-180.

Leukefeld, C., Gallego, M., & Farabee, D. (1997). Drugs, crime, and HIV. SubstanceUse and Misuse, 32(6), 749-756.

Leukefeld, C., & Godlaski, T. (1997). A. In G. Gorman (Ed.),The encyclopedia of rural America: The land and people, (pp. 1-3). Santa Barbara, CA: Garland Publishing, ABC:CLIO.

Leukefeld, C., & Godlaski, T. (1997). Perceptions of rural addictions and related HIV. Substance Use and Misuse, 32(10), 83-88.

Leukefeld, C., & Godlaski, T. (1998). Addictions in rural America. In G. Gorman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of rural America: The land and people, (pp. 1-3). Santa Barbara, CA: Garland Publishing, ABC:CLIO.

Leukefeld, C., Godlaski, T., Clark, J., Hays, L., & Brown, C. (in press). Structured behavioral outpatient rural therapy: A treatment manual for rural substance abuse. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.

Leukefeld, C., Godlaski, T., Hays, L., & Clark, J. (1999). Developing a rural therapy with big city approaches. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(4/5), 747-762.

Leukefeld, C., Godlaski, T., & Logan, T. (in press). Thought mapping: An HIV prevention approach for drug abusers. Journal of Health Psychology.

Leukefeld, C., Godlaski, T., Logan, T., & Warner, B. (1999). Thought mapping: HIV behavioral intervention for drug abusers. Conference Proceedings: HIV Prevention in Rural Communities, (pp. 21-26). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University.

Leukefeld, C. & Haverkos, H. (1993). Sexually transmitted diseases. In T. Gullotta,G. Adams, & R. Montemayor, (Eds.), Adolescent sexuality. Advances in adolescent development (Vol. 5, pp. 161-180). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Leukefeld, C., Hiller, M., Walker, R., Logan, T., & Staton, M. (in press). Treatment options with substance using offenders. In Social Workers Desk Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Leukefeld, C., & Leukefeld, S.(1999). Primary socialization theory and a bio/psycho/social/ spiritual practice model for substance use. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(7), 983-991.

Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., Clayton, R., Martin, S., Zimmerman, R., Cattarello, A.,Milich, R., & Lynam, D. (1998). Adolescent drug use, delinquency, and other behaviors. In T. Gullotta, G. Adams, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Advances in adolescent development: Vol. 9. Delinquent violent youth: Theory and interventions, (pp. 98-128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., Farabee, D., Watson, D., Spalding, H., & Purvis, R. (1999).Drug dependency and HIV testing among state prisoners. Population Research and Policy Review, 18(1-2), 23-38.

Leukefeld, C. Logan, T., Farabee, D., & Clayton, R. (1998). Drug abuse and AIDS: Estimating injection prevalence in a rural state. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(4/5), 545-565.

Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., Martin, S., Purvis, R., & Farabee, D. (1998). A health services framework for drug-abusing offenders. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(8), 1122-1135.

Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., Staton, M., Lambert, J., Martin, C., Milich, R., Lynam,D., Zimmerman, R., & Clayton, R. (in press). Community and drug abuse prevention: Etiology and intervention. Journal of Health Psychology.

Leukefeld, C., Matthews, T., & Clayton, R. (1992). Treating the drug-abusing offender. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19(1), 76-82.

Leukefeld, C., Miller, T., & Hays, L. (1996). Drug abuse. In M. Mattaini & B. Thyer (Eds.), Finding solutions to social problems: Behavioral strategies for change, (pp. 373-396). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Leukefeld, C., Pickens, R., & Schuster, C. (1992). Recommendations for improving drug treatment. International Journal of the Addictions, 27(10), 1223-1239.

Leukefeld, C., & Ries, J. (1993). Strategies to compete for federal grant funding for research on social work practice. Research on Social Work Practice, 3(2), 208-218.

Leukefeld, C., Staton, M., Logan, T., Warner, B., Johnson, J., Shaw, K., & Purvis, R.(2000). Drug use and HIV risk behaviors among HIV positive drug using prisoners. XIII International AIDS Conference, (pp. 275-280). Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi.

Leukefeld, C., Staton, M., Logan, T., Warner, B., Johnson, J., Shaw, K., & Purvis, R. (2000).Drug use and HIV risk behaviors among HIV positive drug using prisoners. In Monduzzi (Ed.), Social science: Rights, politics, commitment, and action, (pp. 275-280). Durban, South Africa: International Proceedings Division.

Leukefeld, C., & Tims, R. (1989). Relapse and recovery in drug abuse: Research and practice. International Journal of the Addictions, 24(3), 189-201.

Leukefeld, C., & Tims, R. (1993). Drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10, 77-84.

Leukefeld, C., & Tims, F. (1989). Research and practice. International, 24(3), 189-201.

Leukefeld, C., & Tims, F. (1990). Compulsory treatment for drug abuse. International Journal of the Addictions, 25(6), 621-640.

Leukefeld, C., & Tims, F. (1993). Drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10, 77-84.

Leukefeld, C., & Walker, R. (1998). Substance use disorders. In J. Williams & K. Ell (Eds.),Advances in mental health research: Implications for practice, (pp. 182-202). Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Leukefeld, C., Walker, R., Logan, T., Staton, M., & Warner, B. (2000). The chronicity of addiction: Attitudes, relapsing behavior, and the brain. Bench and Bar, (January), 24-28.

Leukefeld, C. & Walker, R. (1998). Substance use disorders. In J. Williams & K. Eli (Eds.), Recent advances in mental health research: Implications for social work practice, (pp. 182-202). Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Leukefeld, C., & Welsh, R. (1995). Financing health care. In Encyclopedia of social work (pp. 1206-1213). Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

Logan, T., & Leukefeld, C. (1999). HIV risk behaviors and drug use among male heterosexual crack users by prostitution involvement. Population Research and Policy Review, 18(1/2), 23-38.

Logan, T., & Leukefeld, C. (2000). HIV risk behavior among bisexual and heterosexual drug users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(3), 239-248.

Logan, T., & Leukefeld, C. (2000). Sexual and drug use behavior among female crack users: A multi-site sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58(3), 237-245.

Logan, T., & Leukefeld, C. (2000). Violence and HIV risk behavior among male and female crack users. Journal of Drug Issues, 30(2), 261-282.

Logan, T., Leukefeld, C., & Farabee, D. (1998). Sexual and drug use behaviors among women crack users: Implications for prevention. AIDS Educationand Prevention, 10, 327-340.

Logan, T., Leukefeld, C., Hughes, R., & Minton, L. (in press). Drug court strengthening families program: Evaluation results of a pilot project. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation: Special Issue on Drug Court Programs.

Logan, T., Leukefeld, C., & Walker, R. (2000). Stalking as a variant of domestic violence: Implications from young adults. Violence and Victims, 15(1), 91-111.

Logan, T., & Royse, D. (2001). Program evaluation for the novice. In B. Thyer (Ed.),Handbook of Social Work Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Logan, T., Schenck, J., Leukefeld, C., Meyers, J., & Allen, S. (1999).Rural attitudes, opinions, and drug use. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(4/5), 545-565.

Logan, T., Staton, M., & Leukefeld, C. (in press). An examination of
hyperfemininity, HIV risk behavior, and victimization among college age females. Journal of Health Psychology.

Logan, T., Walker, R., Cole, J., Ratliff, S., & Leukefeld, C. (in press). Qualitative differences among rural and urban intimate violence victimization experiences and consequences: A pilot study. Journal of Family Violence.

Logan, T., Walker, R., & Leukefeld, C. (in press). Intimate and stranger violence history among drug using incarcerated males. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology.

Logan, T., Walker, R., & Leukefeld, C. (2001). Rural, urban influenced, and urban differences among domestic violence arrestees in Kentucky. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(2), 266-283.

Logan, T., Walker, R., Staton, M., & Leukefeld, C. (in press). Substance use and intimateviolence among incarcerated males. Journal of Family Violence.

Logan, T., Williams, K., & Leukefeld, C. (in press). A statewide drug court needs assessment: Identifying target counties, assessing readiness. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 33(4).

Logan, T., Williams, K., Leukefeld, C., & Minton, L. (2000). A process evaluation of a drug court: Methodology and results. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(3), 369-394.

Lynam, D., Milich, R., Zimmerman, R., Novak, S., Logan, T., Martin, C., Leukefeld, C.,& Clayton, R. (1999). Project D.A.R.E. demonstrates no effects at 10-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(4), 590-593.

Martin, C., Logan, T., Portis, C., Leukefeld, C., Staton, M., Lynam, D. Zimmerman,R., Milich, R., & Clayton, R. (in press). The association of testosterone with nicotine use in young adult females. Addictive Behaviors.

Melnick, G., DeLeon, G., Hiller, M., & Knight, K. (2000). Therapeutic communities: Diversity in treatment elements. Substance Use and Misuse, 35(12-14), 1819-1847.

Milich, R., Lynam, D., Zimmerman, R., Logan, T., Martin, C., Leukefeld, C., Portis,C., & Clayton, R. (1999). Differences in young adult psychopathology among drug abstainers, experimenters, and frequent users. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11(1), 69-88.

Miller, T., Carmona, J., & Leukefeld, C. (1993). Prevention education and substance abuse treatment. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 23(3), 1-13.

Miller, T. & Leukefeld, C. (1995). Multinational efforts in substance abuse prevention. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 25(4), 119-123.

Miller, T., Leukefeld, C., & Jefferson, B. (1996). Dual diagnosis: Clinical issues in the treatment of substance abuse and affective personality and psychotic disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 26(1), 73-82.

Miller, T., Mikhailov, V., Kraus, R., & Leukefeld, C. (1997). Psychiatric comorbidity: Stressful life events and substance abuse. Post traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse diagnosis and treatment. Kabarovsk, Russia.

Miller, T., Suchinsky, R., Leukefeld, C., & Kraus, R. (1997). Alcohol and substance use disorders: Algorithms and critical pathways for healthcare delivery. Journal of Contemporary Psychopathology, 27(3), 189-200.

Ramlow, B., White, A., Watson, D., & Leukefeld, C. (1997). The needs of women with substance abuse problems: An expanded vision for treatment. Substance Use and Misuse, 32(10), 1395-1404.

Reilly, F., Leukefeld, C., Gao, J, & Allen, S. (1994). Substance misuse among rural adolescents. In T. Gullotta (Ed.), Adolescent drug misuse, (pp. 123-146). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Reilly, F., & Leukefeld, C. (1995). Injecting drug use and HIV/AIDS. In J. Jaffee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol, (pp. 600-606). New York, NY: MacMillan Press.

Ries, J., & Leukefeld, C. (1995). Applying for research funding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Ries, J., & Leukefeld, C. (1998). The research funding guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Royse, D., Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., Dennis, M., Wechsberg, W., Hoffman, J., & Cottler, L. (2000). Homelessness and gender in out of treatment drug users. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26(2), 283-296.

Royse, D., Thyer, B., Padgett, D., & Logan, T. (2000). Program evaluation: Anintroduction (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: Nelson Hall Publishers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Schoeneberger, M., Logan, T., & Leukefeld, C. (1999). Gender roles, HIV risk behaviors and perceptions of using female condoms among college students. Population Research and Policy Review, 18, 119-136.

Schoeneberger, M., Logan, T., & Leukefeld, C. (2001). Age differences in HIV risk behaviors and drug treatment utilization among drug users in Kentucky. Substance Use and Misuse,36(6&7), 867-925.

Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., & Logan, T. (in press). Clinical issues in treating substance abusing women. In C. Leukefeld, F. Tims,& D. Farabee (Eds.), Clinical and policy responses to drug offenders.

Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., & Logan, T. (in press). Health service utilization and victimization among incarcerated female substance abusers. Substance Use and Misuse.

Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., & Purvis, R. (2000). Process evaluation for a prison-based substance abuse program. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 32(1/2), 105-128.

Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., Zimmerman, R., Lynam, D., Milich, R., Martin, C., & Clayton, R. (1999). Gender differences in early substance use and initiation of early sexual activity. Population Research and Policy Review, 18(1/2), 23-38.

Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., Logan, T., Zimmerman, R., Lynam, D., Milich, R., Martin,C., McClanahan, K., & Clayton, R. (1999). Risky sex behavior and substance use among young adults. Health and Social Work, 24(2), 147-154.

Staton, M., Mateyoke, A., Leukefeld, C., Cole, J., Hopper, H., & Logan, T. (in press).Employment issues among drug court participants. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation.

Stillner, V., Kraus, R., Leukefeld, C., & Hardenburgh, D. (1999). Drug use in very rural Alaska villages. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(4/5), 579-593.

Surratt, H., Wechsberg, W., Cottler, L., Leukefeld, C., Klein, H., & Desmond, D. (1998).Acceptability of the female condom among women at risk for HIV infection. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(8), 115-170.

Tims, F., & Leukefeld, C. (1992). El desafio planteado por el tratamiento del abuso dedrogas en carceles y penitenciarias [The challenge of drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails]. In Fundacion de Ayuda contra la Drogadiccion (FAD) (Eds.) El tratamiento del abuso de drogas en carceles and penitenciarieas (pp. 9-15). Andalucia, Castilla-Leon, Galicia, Madrid, Valencia: Fondacion de Ayuda contra la Drogadiccion.

Tims, F. & Leukefeld, C. (1992). The challenge of drug abuse treatment in prisonsand jails. In F. Tims & C. Leukefeld (Eds.), Drug abuse treatment in prisons and jails, NIDA Research Monographs, 118, 1-14.

Tims, F. & Leukefeld, C. (1993). Treatment of cocaine abusers: Issues and perspectives. In F. Tims & C. Leukefeld (Eds.), Cocaine treatment: Research and clinical perspectives, NIDA Research Monograph 135, 1-14.

Uphoff, R., Clark, J., & Monahan, E. (1997). A view from the trenches: Training the new law graduates to practice law. University of Cincinnati Law Journal, 65(2), Uphoff, R., Clark, J., & Monahan, E. (1997). A view from the trenches: Training the 381-422.

Walker, R., & Clark, J. (1999). Heading off boundary problems: Clinical supervision as risk management. Psychiatric Services, 50(11), 1435-1439.

Walker, R., & Staton, M. (2000). The concept of cultural diversity in social work ethics. Council on Social Work Education, 36, 449-462

Warner, B., & Leukefeld, C. (1999). Racial differences in HIV infection and risk behaviors among drug users in a low seroprevalence area. Journal of Drug Issues, 29(2), 423-442.

Wechsberg, W., Desmond, D., Inciardi, J., Leukefeld, C., Cottler, I., & Hoffman, J.(1998). HIV prevention protocols: Adaptation to evolving trends in drug use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30(3), 291-298.